Chronic pain affects approximately 60 per cent of people living with traumatic brain injury (TBI), even up to 30 years after injury, according to new research.
The study is published this month in The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation (JHTR), the official journal of the Brain Injury Association of America.
Researchers surveyed patients who were being followed in the TBI Model Systems, a research programme that includes the 18 US rehabilitation centres in the study. All 3,804 respondents had been hospitalised with moderate to severe TBI. Most were white (77 per cent) and male (75 per cent), and average time since injury was five years.
The survey informed participants that chronic pain can be defined as ‘persistent or recurring pain that lasts longer than three months’. It includes ‘headaches or pain anywhere in the body, which occurs more than half of the days over a three-month period’.
When participants were asked specifics about their own pain, 46 per cent reported current chronic pain, 14 per cent reported past chronic pain (after TBI), and 40 per cent reported no chronic pain. In total, 32.5% of participants with current chronic pain reported constant pain.
Compared with participants who reported no chronic pain after TBI or only past chronic pain, those with current chronic pain had significantly worse results on all three outcome measures included in the survey: the Functional Independence Measure motor and cognitive subscores, the Disability Rating Scale, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended.
“This is the first study to examine the experience of chronic pain in a large TBI sample this far post-injury,” explain Cynthia Harrison-Felix, PhD, FACRM, Co-Project Director of the TBI Model System at Craig Hospital in Englewood, CO, and colleagues.
“Pain status did not differ significantly across follow-up years. While our data are not longitudinal, it suggests that chronic pain occurs at varying points after injury, and may interfere with initial recovery and long-term, necessitating proactive pain assessment and treatment.”
Medications are the most frequently used treatments
Medications, physical therapy, and home exercise programs were the pain treatments most commonly reported. Medications were used by 91 per cent of participants with current chronic pain and had been used by 90 per cent of those with past chronic pain.
The least frequently reported treatment was comprehensive chronic pain rehabilitation. This finding ‘suggests there may be an access issue given the proven benefit,’ Dr. Harrison-Felix’s group notes. Pain treatments known to be effective in other patient populations, such as psychotherapy and biofeedback, were not often reported.
“Chronic pain should be assessed and treated along with other neurocognitive and neurobehavioral disorders such as memory deficits and depression,” the researchers conclude.
“While we cannot assess the directionality of the relationship between pain and outcomes, the findings indicate that the presence of chronic pain after TBI is far from benign.”
