The risks of brain injury among those experiencing domestic violence were heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic, a new report has revealed.
In addition to increasing the risks and severity of violence, the pandemic has had important implications for service delivery and service providers supporting women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), the study found.
The research reinforces that the emergence of COVID-19 has led to a “shadow pandemic” of increased violence against women.
“With over 90 per cent of physical IPV altercations focusing on hits to the head, face, and neck or strangulation, brain injury is startlingly common among survivors,” say the authors, led by Dr Halina (Lin) Haag, of the Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab at the University of Toronto.
Despite this combined impact – heightened by the challenges of COVID-19 – there are continued gaps in research, policy, and practice on IPV and brain injury and their impact on survivors, the study shows.
To address these gaps, the researchers conducted interviews with women survivors of IPV and brain injury, as well as with organisation directors/managers, direct service providers, and representatives of employers or labour unions involved in supporting survivors.
Analysis of the interviews identified three main themes at the intersection of IPV/brain injury and COVID-19:
- Implications of COVID-19 for survivors: The pandemic placed women at increased risk of IPV and brain injury, as well as risk for increased severity of violence. “Participants referred to COVID-19 as an ‘amplifier’ of violence,” Dr Haag and colleagues write. “Service providers reported a quiet period in the first months of lockdown, followed by a surge in calls, housing applications, and requests for peer support and counselling once communities began reopening.” COVID-19 had a major impact on survivors’ mental health, due to increased isolation and loneliness. Women were also faced with new challenges in caring for themselves and their children as a result of pandemic-related employment changes.
- Implications for service delivery and service providers: While most shelters remained open during the pandemic, many were operating with reduced capacity and increased barriers to access, including challenges in legal services and housing. Support services had to become more adaptable and flexible, as organisations worked to overcome barriers to virtual care and incorporate new public health measures required for in-person care. Some providers felt that increased rules and decreased client autonomy “mimicked abusive behaviours and risked re-traumatising women survivors.” Providers also reported increased stress and mental health challenges due to COVID-19.
- Key priorities: outreach and technology: Organisations faced new challenges as they raced to meet the demand for increased online programs. “Participants identified need for widespread outreach and technological support during the pandemic,” Dr Haag and colleagues write. Barriers to technology-based care were identified as a major priority, including funding for technology, software, internet access, brain injury related accessibility challenges, and support training for providers. Community outreach programs were another key focus.
“The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified IPV/brain injury, increased challenges for women survivors and service providers, and accentuated the continued lack of IPV/brain injury awareness,” Haag and co-authors conclude.
They note that the complex intersection of IPV/brain injury has been overlooked for far too long, leaving survivors exposed to ongoing violence and at increased risk of significant impacts to their mental and physical health and social integration.
While there is still much work to be done, the researchers said they hope their findings will increase understanding of how COVID-19 affects the risks and well-being of survivors of IPV and brain injury, as well as the organisational and personal effects on those providing care and support.
