Seven strategies can help people with Parkinson’s who have difficulty walking, a new study has revealed.
Compensation strategies can be effective for those with disabling gait impairments – the seven are:
- internal cueing, like walking to a count in your head
- external cueing, like walking in rhythm to a metronome
- changing the balance requirement, like making wider turns
- altering mental state, which includes relaxation techniques
- action observation and motor imagery, which includes watching another person walk
- adapting a new walking pattern, like jumping or walking backwards
- other forms of using the legs, like cycling and crawling.
The study – which revealed that many people had never heard of or tried these strategies – also found their efficacy depended on the context in which they were used, such as indoors versus outdoors, under time pressure or not.
“We know people with Parkinson’s often spontaneously invent creative ‘detours’ to overcome their walking difficulties, in order to remain mobile and independent,” said study author Anouk Tosserams, of the Radboud University Medical Centre in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
“For example, people walk to the rhythm of a metronome, by mimicking the gait of another person, or by counting in their head. We found that people are rarely educated about all the different compensation strategies.
“When they are, people often find strategies that work better for them and their unique circumstances.”
For the study, researchers surveyed 4,324 people with Parkinson’s and disabling gait impairments. These include problems like imbalance, shuffling, falling, staggering and freezing.
Of the participants, 35 per cent found that their walking difficulties affected their ability to perform their usual daily activities and 52 per cent had one or more falls in the past year.
The survey focused on the seven main categories of compensation strategies. Each category was explained and participants were asked if they were aware of it, if they’d ever used it, and if so, how it worked for them in a variety of contexts.
Researchers found that people with Parkinson’s commonly use walking compensation strategies, but are not aware of all seven strategies. For example, 17 per cent of the people had never heard of any of these strategies, and 23 per cent had never tried any of them.
Only four per cent were aware of all seven categories of compensation strategies. The average person knew about three strategies.
For each strategy, the majority of people who tried it said it had a positive effect. 76 per cent said changing the balance requirement made a positive impact, while 74 per cent said altering their mental state did.
However, researchers also discovered that strategies worked differently according to the context in which the person used it. Internal cueing, for example, seemed highly effective during gait initiation, with a 73 per cent success rate – but only 47 per cent found that tactic useful when trying to stop walking.
“Our findings suggest that a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach doesn’t work, because different contexts might require different strategies, or because individuals simply respond better to one strategy compared to another,” Dr Tosserams said.
“We need to go a step further and teach people about all the available compensation strategies, for example through a dedicated online educational platform. This may help each person with Parkinson’s find the strategy that works best for them.”
